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WHO and UNICEF (2017) Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: 2017 Update and SDG Baselines. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), 2017 Powell, Christine A. "Port Royal Chamberpots Introduction." Nautical Archaeology at Texas A&M University. Texas A&M University, 1 Dec. 1996. Web. 28 Nov. 2011.
Toilet was originally a French loanword (first attested in 1540) that referred to the toilette ("little cloth") draped over one's shoulders during hairdressing. [69] During the late 17th century, [69] the term came to be used by metonymy in both languages for the whole complex of grooming and body care that centered at a dressing table (also covered by a cloth) and for the equipment composing a toilet service, including a mirror, hairbrushes, and containers for powder and makeup. The time spent at such a table also came to be known as one's "toilet"; it came to be a period during which close friends or tradesmen were received as "toilet-calls". [69] [72]
Whitaker, Mark. 30 June 2007. "Why Uganda hates the plastic bag." BBC News. Retrieved 28 September 2007.
La Berge, Ann Elizabeth Fowler (2002). Mission and Method: The Early Nineteenth-Century French Public Health Movement. Cambridge University Press. pp.207–9. ISBN 978-0-521-52701-9.
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Having water (which seals in odor) or not (which usually relates to e.g. flush toilet versus dry toilet) Ashenburg, Katherine (2008). The dirt on clean: an unsanitized history (Firsted.). New York. p.138. ISBN 978-1-4668-6776-5. OCLC 876714657. {{ cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link)
Egerton, Judy (1998), "The British School", National Gallery Catalogues, New Series, p.167, ISBN 1-85709-170-1 . Juuti, Petri; Katko, Tapio; Vuorinen, H. (2012-11-14). Environmental History of Water: Global Views on Community Water Supply and ... – Petri S. Juuti – Google Books. IWA. p.40. ISBN 9781843391104. Archived from the original on 2012-11-14 . Retrieved 2022-11-06. a b Genc, Melda. "The Evolution of Toilets and Its Current State." Thesis. Middle East Technical University, 2009. Harold B. Lee Library. Brigham Young University, 2009. Web. 28 Nov. 2011. The other main way of handling toilet needs was the chamber pot, a receptacle, usually of ceramic or metal, into which one would excrete waste. This method was used for hundreds of years; shapes, sizes, and decorative variations changed throughout the centuries. [54] Chamber pots were in common use in Europe from ancient times, even being taken to the Middle East by medieval pilgrims. [55] Modern history Bourdaloue chamber pots from the Austrian Imperial household Early 18th century British three-seat privy 19th century thunderbox, a heavy wooden commode to enclose chamber potIf, after flushing the toilet, the bowl remains almost empty, this means that there is a problem of air circulation in the waste pipe. With rare exceptions, chamber pots are no longer used. Modern related implements are bedpans and commodes, used in hospitals and the homes of invalids. A chemical toilet collects human excreta in a holding tank and uses chemicals to minimize odors. They do not require a connection to a water supply and are used in a variety of situations. These toilets are usually, but not always, self-contained and movable. A chemical toilet is structured around a relatively small tank, which needs to be emptied frequently. It is not connected to a hole in the ground (like a pit latrine), nor to a septic tank, nor is it plumbed into a municipal system leading to a sewage treatment plant. [25] When the tank is emptied, the contents are usually pumped into a sanitary sewer or directly to a treatment plant.
The water in the toilet bowl is connected to a pipe shaped like an upside-down U. One side of the U channel is arranged as a siphon tube longer than the water in the bowl is high. The siphon tube connects to the drain. The bottom of the drain pipe limits the height of the water in the bowl before it flows down the drain. The water in the bowl acts as a barrier to sewer gas entering the building. Sewer gas escapes through a vent pipe attached to the sewer line. Other very early toilets that used flowing water to remove the waste are found at Skara Brae in Orkney, Scotland, which was occupied from about 3100 BC until 2500 BC. Some of the houses there have a drain running directly beneath them, and some of these had a cubicle over the drain. Around the 18th century BC, toilets started to appear in Minoan Crete, Pharaonic Egypt, and ancient Persia.Avoid using the cleaning tablets that go in the cistern as, over time, they can damage the flush mechanism. Made in Naples. Come Napoli ha civilizzato l'Europa (e come continua a farlo)[ Made in Naples. How Naples civilised Europe (And still does it)] (in Italian). Addictions-Magenes Editoriale. 2013. ISBN 978-8866490395.